Protein and Antibody Profiling Using Small Molecule Microarrays

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the present invention describe methodology by which arrays of synthetic molecules can be created and employed for various types of proteomics profiling experiments. The most important of these from a clinical standpoint are the visualization of antibody and T cell binding patterns, which could be employed as a tool for monitoring the state of the immune system of a patient. This may be a generally useful tool for the diagnosis of many types of disease states. Similar techniques are employed to detect the post-translational modification of specific proteins, a tool for the visualization of induction of signal transduction pathways in cells and tissues treated with drugs. Finally, aspects of the invention teache a method for the creation of simpler arrays with less than 100 features that are, nonetheless, effective for protein profiling experiments.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent applicationSer. No. 60/680,200, filed on May 12, 2005, entitled “Protein andantibody profiling using small molecule microarrays,” which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The United States Government own rights in the present inventionpursuant to grant NO1-HV-28185 from the National Institute of Health(NIH) entitled “UT-Southwestern Center for Proteomics Research.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

I. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to biochemistry, proteomics, anddiagnostics. In particular, the invention relates to compositions andmethods for profiling or fingerprinting proteins in a target sample,such as antibodies.

II. Background

The continuing advance of medical diagnostic technology is stronglydependent on the discovery of new biomarkers, defined broadly asproteins whose presence, absence, and/or chemical modification stateserve as indicators (directly or indirectly) of a particular diseasestate or condition, how a patient reacts to a drug, etc. Unfortunately,the discovery of new biomarkers has proven challenging. There isconsiderable agreement in the field that one way to accelerate thedevelopment of new diagnostic tools is to expand beyond traditional“single biomarker” approaches to the consideration of several markerssimultaneously. The idea is that even if one marker is not completelydefinitive, the combination of the levels and/or modification states ofseveral markers would provide an unambiguous diagnosis. The question ishow to accomplish this goal in a scientifically and economicallyreasonable way.

Most of the work done in this area has been directed toward thedevelopment of DNA microarrays as diagnostic tools. In this approach,RNA is isolated from an appropriate source, reverse transcribed intocDNA, labeled, and hybridized to a DNA microarray of the type sold byAffymetrix or other companies. The concept is that the pattern of geneexpression in the sample will provide a “fingerprint,” “profile,” or“signature” of the state of the cell or organism that is being analyzed.However, the collection and labeling of RNA samples requires a highdegree of technical skill and to achieve reproducibility.

Another approach that has been popularized recently is to employ massspectrometry as a fingerprinting tool. For example, a sample isfractionated on a chip containing several different chromatographysurfaces, allowing some number of proteins to be absorbed on eachsurface. These surfaces are then probed by MALDI (or SELDI) massspectrometry. In the simplest version of this experiment, the peaks aretreated simply as unidentified signals and the pattern of these signalsis employed diagnostically. Although this approach generatedconsiderable early excitement in the diagnosis of cancer, it has alsosuffered from significant reproducibility problems and requiresexpensive instrumentation.

A different methodology has been applied to the analysis ofautoantibodies present in patients with autoimmune disorders or cancers.In this array-based approach, particular selected proteins or peptideantigens are immobilized on a suitable surface, such as achemically-modified glass slide, and the serum of a patient ishybridized to the array. Binding of autoantibodies to these arrays isthen measured through subsequent application to the array of a labeledsecondary antibody (e.g., anti Ig-G). A variant of this approach that ismore suitable to diseases where the appropriate capture antigens areunknown or impractical to prepare is to begin with material from apatient sample(s) and use this material or derivatives derived from itas the features on an antibody capture array. For example, one approachis to prepare extracts from tumor biopsies and fractionate themchromatographically. Each protein fraction is then spotted onto amicroarray with the expectation that some will contain cancer-specificantigens. More recently, RNA from tumor samples has been collected andused to make a cDNA library that was then used, in turn, to construct aphage display library. The phage were then treated so as to enrich thosethat displayed proteins that bound antibodies in the serum of prostatecancer patients, but not healthy control patients. The viruses were thenprepared in quantity and spotted down on an array to provide adiagnostic tool for the detection of antibodies enriched in the serum ofprostate cancer patients. These approaches have provided interestingresults, but no one has yet demonstrated that this constitutes apractical diagnostic tool for many different diseases, since theappropriate antigens that would be necessary to construct such an arrayare often unknown or difficult to produce. The common feature of allsuch approaches is that they endeavor to employ and/or discover nativeantigens that can act as “capture agents” for disease-specificantibodies when immobilized on an array surface or the equivalent.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditionalapproaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, throughcomparison of such systems with aspects of the present invention as setforth in the present application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods of using synthetic molecules,i.e., ligands, that bind ligand binding moieties, such as proteins,nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or non-adherent cells present in complexbiological mixtures, as biomarkers for a particular physiologicalstate(s). The synthetic molecules may have not been previously selectedto bind ligand binding moieties, which includes biomarkers present in asample. In some cases the identities of ligand binding moieties knownprior to the process. The invention includes methods comprising: (a)constructing an array of synthetic molecules having a plurality ofstructures; (b) contacting said array with a complex biological mixtureobtained from animals or cells that exhibit a physiological state ofinterest, resulting in the capture of certain biological molecules orcells by certain molecules immobilized on the array; (c) assessingbinding of certain captured molecules or cells to this array through theuse of a labeled reagent that binds specifically to a given class ofcaptured molecules or proteins; and (d) comparison of this bindingpattern with the binding pattern of an appropriate control sample thatdoes not represent the physiological state of interest. Aspects of theinvention include constructing the array from synthetic molecules notpreviously selected to bind any particular molecule or cell in thesample of interest. In certain embodiments, the array of syntheticmolecules is an array of peptoids (peptoid-like oligomers) derived froma combinatorial library. The complex biological mixture can be a serumsample obtained from an animal or patient with or suspected of having adisease. Binding of serum antibodies to the array is typicallyquantified by subsequent incubation with a fluorescently labeledsecondary antibody. Peptoids that capture antibodies enriched in thediseased state are identified by comparison of the pattern of antibodybinding of the two samples to the arrays.

Further embodiments of the invention include methods of detecting aplurality of distinct ligand binding moieties in a sample comprising (a)providing an array of ligands having a plurality of random structures;(b) contacting said array with a sample comprising ligand bindingmoiety; and (c) assessing binding of ligand binding moiety to saidarray, wherein binding of ligand binding moiety to said array detectsligand binding moieties in said sample. In certain aspects of theinvention one or more ligand binding moiety is present in a body fluidor on a cell surface. In particular embodiments a ligand binding moietyis an antibody. Aspects of the invention include assessing binding ofthe ligand binding moiety to the array features by contacting the arraywith labeled or otherwise detectable anti-Ig, such as IgM, IgG, etc. Ina further aspect, the ligand binding moieties can be a family ofenzymes. The binding of this family of enzymes may be assessed usingfluorescently labeled or otherwise labeled mechanism-based inhibitors orother covalent inhibitors. In a further aspect, the ligand bindingmoieties or biomarkers can be a class of non-adherent cells, such as Tcells, and the binding pattern of the cells to the array could bedetected by subsequent exposure of the array to a labeled antibody thatrecognizes a conserved molecule on the surface of cells in this family.In still further aspects, a ligand binding moiety can be anucleotide-binding protein, a glycosylated protein, protein that share apost-translational modification, a peptide hormone or ligand, whosebinding may be assessed by fluorescently detectable or otherwise labelednucleotides or nucleotide analogues, fluorescently or otherwise-labeledsugar-binding molecules, or fluorescently or otherwise-labeledantibodies.

The synthetic molecules displayed on the array (ligands) can includepeptides, peptoids, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides or smallmolecules not previously selected as ligands for specific targetmolecules. They also may comprise a common chemical feature thatprediagnosis binding to a particular class of ligand binding moieties.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the pattern of binding of thebiomarkers or ligand binding moiety is predictive of a disease state ina subject from which said sample was obtained. Such a disease state caninclude, but is not limited to, cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatorydisease, infectious disease, neurodegenerative disease, and/orcardiovascular disease. In certain aspects, the ligands differentiatebetween different forms of a disease state, such as a mild oraggressive, or a chronic or progressive disease state. In a particularaspect the methods are capable of differentiating between a diseasestate that is or is not responsive to a treatment or therapy. In stillfurther embodiments the molecules on the array (i.e., the ligands)capture potential biomarkers induced in breast cancer, lung cancer,prostate cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, testicularcancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer,liver cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, esophagealcancer, lymphoma, or leukemia, such as antibodies that recognizeepitopes unique to these disease states. In further aspects, themolecules on the array bind ligand binding moieties induced in lupus,myestenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, rheumatoid arthritis,nephritis, Chagas disease, scleroderma, or Sjogren's disease. In stillfurther aspects, the molecules on the array bind ligand binding moietiesinduced as a result of infection with viruses, bacteria or fungi. In yeta further aspect, the molecules on the array bind ligand bindingmoieties induced by neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer'sdisease, dementia, or Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.

Embodiments of the invention include methods where the syntheticmolecules immobilized on the array will not have been previouslyselected for binding to a potential ligand binding moiety (i.e., theligands will be structurally “random,” nonselected, or unbiasedligands), but may or may not contain structural elements that areanticipated to bias them towards binding to a given class of potentialbiomarkers. That is, the random ligands can comprise a purely randomfeature and/or a non-random feature. For example, in certainembodiments, all of the synthetic molecules on the array would contain,in addition to other chemical moieties, a purine analogue, which isanticipated to bias the compounds towards capturing ATP-binding proteinssuch as protein kinases.

An array of synthetic molecules can include 1000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000,7,000, 8,000 and 10,000, 12,500, 15,000, 25,000, 50,000, 100,000 or moredistinct chemical species or random ligands, including the variousvalues and ranges there between. An array can be, but is not limited to,a glass slide, a microscope slide, a plate, a chip, or a population ofbeads. The method may include cross-linking the ligand binding moiety tothe array. One or more molecules on the array can be associated withbinding to a ligand binding moiety, i.e., smart or focused array. Thearray, which is otherwise comprised of molecules not previously selectedfor particular binding properties, may also contain several knownligands for particular molecules in the complex biological sample. Thesebinding events would serve as controls to evaluate the quality of thearray.

Aspects of the invention include assessment of one or more samplesincluding, but not limited to, urine, serum, whole blood, cerebrospinalfluid, sputum, stool, saliva, and semen. A sample can be obtained from avariety of organisms, including, but not limited to, a domestic animal,a cow, a horse, a bird, a chicken, or a human.

Embodiments of the invention can also include methods for detecting thebinding of one or more isoforms of a ligand binding moiety in a sampleinvolving (a) providing an array having a plurality of immobilizedsynthetic molecules not previously selected to bind a ligand bindingmoiety or moieties; (b) contacting said array with a sample containingone or more isoforms of the ligand binding moiety; and (c) assessingbinding of one or more isoforms to the array, wherein binding of one ormore isoforms detects one or more isoforms in the sample. For example,in one aspect, the complex biological mixture is a cell extract preparedfrom cells that have been stimulated with a chemical. The bindingpattern of a particular signal transduction protein to an array isvisualized by incubation with a labeled antibody that recognizesmultiple forms of that signal transduction protein. This binding patternis then compared with that of the signal transduction protein present inunstimulated cells. If the two binding patterns differ substantially, itcan be concluded that stimulation resulted in activation of thatsignaling pathway and post-translational modifications of the signaltransduction factor, which altered its binding pattern to the array. Theone or more isoforms can be phosphorylation isoforms, glycosylationisoforms, myristoylation isoforms, length isoforms, amino acidsubstitution isoforms, ubiquitylation isoforms, SUMOylation isoforms,NEDDylation isoforms, splice variants, methylation isoforms, acetylationisoforms, citrullation isoforms, nitrosylation isoforms, and/orformylation isoforms. Binding of these isoforms can be assessed byphotometric or non-photometric means. The isoforms from multiple arrayassessments may be comapred with each other.

In a further embodiment, random ligands are peptides, peptoids,oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides, amino acid derivatives, or smallmolecules. The random ligands may be preselected based on knownreactivity to said isoforms. Typically, the pattern of binding of one ormore isoforms is predictive of a disease state in a subject from which asample was obtained. The pattern of binding of the one or more isoformscan be predictive of activation or inhibition of a cellular pathway. Inother aspects, the random ligands are not preselected based on knownreactivity to said one or more isoforms.

In still further embodiments, a sample can be expose to a stimulant orstimulated prior to detecting binding of a ligand binding moiety. Thesample or the source of the sample can be stimulated with a drug or isstimulated by an environmental condition, such as light, heat, cold,sleep deprivation, elevated noise, sound deprivation, light deprivation,or chemical exposure. The sample can comprise cells stimulated in vitro.In one aspect, the sample is obtained from a subject suffering from,suspected of having, or at risk of having or developing a disease ordisease state.

Aspects of the present invention can be found in a method and system forcreating and employing arrays of synthetic molecules for various typesof proteomics profiling experiments, as shown in and/or described inconnection with at least one of the figures, and as set forth morecompletely in the claims.

Aspects of the invention provide a platform for the determination of“immune signatures.” This refers to the pattern of binding of antibodiesor T cells to an array of synthetic compounds.

Further aspects of the invention provide a method for determining ifsignal transduction pathways have been activated, for example bytreatment with a drug. This is done by hybridizing a cell extract to anarray of synthetic compounds, then visualizing the binding pattern of aparticular protein kinase specifically by hybridization with a labeledantibody. A phosphorylated (activated) kinase provides a differentpattern than does an unactivated kinase.

Aspects of the invention provide a method for the discovery of syntheticmolecules that act as particularly “information-rich” features in amicroarray. These molecules, which are “promiscuous ligands” that bindto many proteins, can be used to create much simpler synthetic moleculearrays with far fewer features that are nonetheless quite effective forprofiling experiments. Less than 100 to 75 promiscuous ligands may beused in profiling a sample. Studies have shown that 62 of 75 promiscuousligand can bind a particular protein and produce a unique profile.

Aspects of the invention illustrate arrays comprised of several thousandpeptides, peptoids or other synthetic molecules are capable ofsupporting such “protein fingerprinting” experiments.

Again, a basic concept underlying the invention is illustrated in FIG.8. If one creates an array of several thousand synthetic molecules, thenany protein hybridized to this array should bind to each feature of thearray with a particular affinity and specificity. On most features,binding will not be detectable above background whereas a few featureswill bind the protein tightly. There will also be a certain number offeatures that will bind the protein at levels detectable abovebackground, but less avidly than the few high affinity spots. Thepredicted outcome of this experiment is a unique pattern of binding of agiven protein to the array. This is a “three-dimensional pattern” inthat one quantifies binding of the proteins to the two-dimensionalarray, thereby providing a third dimension of information.

Even if thousands of proteins bind to the array of molecules, as wouldbe the case if one hybridized to the array a complex sample such asserum or a cell extract, generally only the binding events of theprotein of interest could be visualized selectively if one alsohybridizes to the array a “sandwich reagent” such a labeled antibodythat is highly specific for that protein (FIG. 8). Of course, thelabeled antibody itself will evince a specific pattern of binding to thearray. This pattern is measured in a separate control experiment andsubtracted from the experimental data set. The inventors have recentlydemonstrated this approach.

It is claim that this technique produces different binding patterns onthe array for different forms of the same protein, since these arechemically distinct species. If different forms of a protein result indifferent patterns, then one could distinguish these using only asingle, general antibody that need not distinguish between differentforms of the protein.

Another aspect of this technique is to measure many different proteinsof the same class simultaneously. A good example of this approach isantibody profiling. All antibodies are quite similar, but have divergentantigen binding sites. Thus, any particular antibody is expected toprovide a pattern that is unique, though there would be some overlapbetween the patterns. The binding of any antibody to the array isvisualized by using a labeled anti-IgG. If a given antibody provides aspecific pattern, then a group of antibodies evinces a particular“superpattern”. This can be an important diagnostic tool, since it isreasonable to assume that the immune system of an individual will reactto a variety of maladies (cancer, infectious disease, atherosclerosis,sleep disorders, etc.) in a unique way. Given a sufficient number ofretrospective studies to couple particular antibody signatures withspecific disease states, this same diagnostic protocol could be employedto detect (clinically and pre-clinically) a large variety of medicalconditions.

There are at least two major applications with significant implicationsto clinical medicine. First, with regard to antibody profiling, anydisease which results in a significant change in the complement ofantibodies could be diagnosed in this fashion. This would obviouslyinclude autoimmune diseases, cancer and several others.

The second application is a facile tool for mapping the activation ofsignal transduction cascades. This is extremely valuable topharmaceutical companies in assessing the response of patients to drugsin clinical trials. In this manifestation, cells from the patient arelysed and hybridized to the chip, then probed with labeled antibodiesraised against a protein kinase in the pathway of interest. The idea isthat the profile of the kinase is different whether or not it had beenactivated by phosphorylation. This obviates the requirement for adifficult to obtain phospho-specific antibody. A series of theseexperiments is done using antibodies raised against kinases involved indifferent signaling pathways.

Methods may include the step of profiling the complement of any familyof antibodies (IgG, IgM, etc.) in a biological sample (serum, blood,CSF, etc) by hybridization of that sample to an array of syntheticmolecules followed by addition of a labeled antibody that recognizes anymember of that antibody class (anti-IgG, anti-IgM, etc.).

Further methods include a step for profiling the complement of T cellsin a biological sample by hybridization of that sample to an array ofsynthetic molecules followed by addition of a labeled antibody thatrecognizes a suitable cell surface marker present on the T cells, suchas CD42 or others.

Still further methods include a step for detecting the activation ofspecific signal transduction pathways in cells by monitoring the bindingpattern of a protein kinase involved in said pathway throughhybridization of an extract to an array of synthetic molecules. Wherein,this binding pattern may be visualized specifically through thesecondary hybridization of an antibody specific for said protein kinasefollowed by a labeled secondary antibody.

Method may also include the step of identify “promiscuous proteinligands” that are of utility in the construction of simplified, yeteffective, protein fingerprinting arrays.

Other embodiments of the invention are discussed throughout thisapplication. Any embodiment discussed with respect to one aspect of theinvention applies to other aspects of the invention. The embodiments inthe Examples section are understood to be embodiments of the inventionthat are applicable to all aspects of the invention. Furthermore,compositions and kits of the invention can be used to achieve methods ofthe invention.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that avalue includes the standard deviation of error for the device or methodbeing employed to determine the value.

The use of the term “or” in the specification or claims is used to mean“and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only orthe alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosuresupports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (andany form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having”(and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and anyform of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing”(and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) areinclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecitedelements or method steps.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and areincluded to further demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these drawings in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates schematically how an exemplary synthetic moleculemicroarray is produced. A combinatorial library of compounds (in thiscase peptoids) is synthesized using the split and pool methodology, Thebeads are separated into the wells of microtiter plates where thecompound is released from the bead into solution. A robotic spotter isthen used to print the molecules onto a chemically-modified glass slidecovalently. For peptoid microarrays, the identity of any particularmolecule on the array can be determined by Edman degradation or massspectrometry by going back to the appropriate well on the mother plate.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate protein profiling using a peptoid microarray.Images obtained by incubating fluorescently labeledGlutathione-S-Transferase (GST) or Ubiquitin (Ub) to a peptoidmicroarray containing 7680 different compounds (FIG. 2A). These imageswere obtained by scanning the arrays with a standard commercial arrayscanner used for DNA microarray analysis after hybridization andwashing. The insets provide a magnified view to illustrate the signal tonoise ratio obtained in the hybridization of 500 nM labeled protein tothe array. On the right side of the figure are shown scatter plots thatcompare two independent runs of the same sample (GST1 vs. GST-2) (FIG.2B) and two different proteins (GST vs. Ub) (FIG. 2C). Clusters ofoff-diagnonal points represent peptoid features that bind GST muchbetter than Ub or vice versa. These plots demonstrate thereproducibility of the protein profiling method and the ability of thearray to discriminate between different proteins. The “off-diagonal”features clearly cluster into two groups, one of which registers a muchhigher signal intensity in the antibody-utilizing experiment while theother provides a much higher signal in the experiment utilizingchemically labeled GST.

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the binding patterns of two differentmonoclonal antibodies (anti-FLAG and anti-Myc) and demonstrate thatthese can be differentiated easily by the array.

FIG. 4 shows a cartoon illustrating the concept of antibody profiling asa diagnostic tool. The Y shaped molecules represent antibodies in theblood. Each of the antibodies will have a unique pattern of binding tothe array. The entire “superpattern” produced by exposing the array to aserum sample and then visualizing it by subsequent incubation withfluorescently labeled anti-IgG secondary antibody, will be comprised ofthe sum of all of the individual antibody binding patterns weighted bytheir relative abundance in the serum. If, in a patient with aparticular disease, the immune system responds by greatly amplifying aparticular antibody, then the features to which that antibody binds willbecome corresponding brighter. By comparison of the pattern of antibodybinding pattern from healthy controls with those from patients with agiven disease, we can identify peptoids that capture disease-amplifiedantibodies. This invention eliminates the need to know anything about anative antigen so that one can use it as a capture agent to make anarray, as well as the need to know exactly what protein or antibody onewishes to bind. The appropriate antibody-peptoid pairs are identified bycomparison of the samples.

FIG. 5 shows a cartoon of the experiment done to test the utility ofantibody profiling using an unselected peptoid array to detect EAE, themouse model for multiple sclerosis. The disease was initiated byinjection of mice with large amounts of a peptide antigen from mousemyelin basic protein, a nerve sheath component. Control mice wereinjected with saline. Serum was taken from the mice at various timesafter injection and the antibody pattern was analyzed on the peptoidmicroarrays.

FIG. 6 shows the results of an analysis of an EAE mouse model. The upperVenn diagram compares the peptoid features on the array that displayedintensities at least 10-fold above background from data sets taken fromdiseased mice at different stages of the disease (stages proceed form 0(no symptoms) to 6 (dead)). 2076 peptoids were identified that capturedhigh levels of antibody at all stages of the disease. Peptoids wereidentified that displayed intensities >10× above background in any ofthe data sets from the control mice and asked how many of these werealso bright in the diseased data sets. As shown in the lower Venndiagram, 71 peptoids were consistently bright in all of the diseasedsamples and dark in all of the control samples. These 71 peptoids aretherefore candidates for capture agents for disease-amplifiedantibodies.

FIG. 7 illustrates an evaluation of the specificity of the putativeautoantibody-binding peptoids. The same experiment described in FIG. 6for EAE mice were conducted using a lupus model. The same type ofanalysis identified 99 peptoids that were always bright in the lupusmice and dark in the control mice. Comparison of these 99 peptoids withthe 71 identified in the EAE (MS) experiment showed that all but threewere unique. These data argue strongly that this methodology is capableof identifying peptoids that capture antibodies that are amplified in adisease-specific fashion.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of how protein profiling is done using asynthetic molecule microarray. Black dots represent spotted, covalentlylinked compounds. Green bars represent the intensities of a fluorescentsignal visualized by hybridizing with a fluorescently labeled antibody.This experiment is carried out in the context of a complex biologicalsolution such as serum, blood, CSF, etc. and the binding pattern of theprotein(s) of interest is monitored by subsequent hybridization with alabeled antibody that recognizes the protein(s) of interest.Alternatively, the primary antibody could be unlabeled and the patterncould be detected by a second hybridization with a labeled anti-IgGsecondary antibody.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A seminal problem in biology and medicine is the discovery of newbiomarkers, which are molecules or cells that are reliable indicators ofa particular physiological state of an organism, for example, whether ornot a patient has a particular disease. The present invention includescompositions and methods for detecting and/or discovering biomarkers.Biomarkers may be present in readily available biological fluids, suchas serum, by profiling the binding pattern of a given family of proteinsor other type of molecule in the sample on to a large collection ofunselected synthetic ligands displayed on the surface of an array.Visualization of the binding patterns and comparison of those obtainedfor two sets of samples, for example serum from patients with a diseaseand serum from healthy individuals, serves to identify molecules on thearray that bind to ligand binding moieties, which will includebiomarkers, whose levels are significantly increased or decreased oneset of samples relative to the other.

Embodiments of the invention include methods and compositions for thediscovery of ligand binding moieties and synthetic compounds (i.e.,ligands) that capture such from a complex sample. These samples cancontain a complex mixture of components, such as, but not limited to,proteins, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or cells. Incertain aspects of the invention, the binding array is referred to as arandom array due to the fact that the structure, composition, and/ororganization of the binding elements are not designed or pre-selected tobind any particular component of a sample. That is, the initial designof the array is not biased. However, the compounds displayed on thearray, referred to as synthetic molecules, ligands, or binding elements,may not be completely random in the structural and molecular sense, inthat they may all share certain chemical features, for example all beingmembers of a particular class of compounds, such as peptoids. Theidentity of the binding elements may be known or characterizedsubsequently if one wishes, and supplementary arrays may then be madethat take this binding activity into account (these are called “biased”or “focused” arrays). Moreover, the process for making the array isreproducible in the sense that each array contains the same chemicalelement in the same position on the array, allowing comparison of thebinding of potential biomarkers to two or more different arrays. Thebinding profile of a component in a sample to the array will be used inassessing or detecting differences in the sample as compared to astandard or second sample.

Components of the sample will bind each binding element of the arraywith various affinities and specificities. The binding affinity andspecificity between most of the binding elements and a sample componentwill typically be insufficient for detection of the complex abovebackground or a particular signal threshold above background. A subsetof binding elements, however, will bind a sample component withsufficient affinity and specificity for the complex to be detected.Aspects of the invention include sufficient binding of two or moreelements of an array, to a component of the sample mixture at levelsdetectable above a certain threshold. The exposure of an array to asample results in a unique pattern of binding for a given samplecomponent, class of sample components, subset of sample components, or agroup of target components present in a sample. Methods may furtherinclude assessing binding of a control or known molecule to a ligand orarray. The resulting binding profile, fingerprint, or signature can belikened to a “topographical binding profile” for components of amixture. Samples derived or obtained from sources having differentcharacteristics will display different binding profiles for one or moresample components and the subset of binding elements that revealprominent differences between the samples can be used to constructfocused arrays capable of reliably distinguishing between thephysiological states of interest (for example, a disease state and ahealthy state). Embodiments of the invention may also include biasingthe otherwise random collection of synthetic binding elements byincluding in most or all of them a chemical fragment known or suspectedto facilitate binding to the class of potential biomarkers of interest.Such chemical fragments can include an inhibitor or modulator of acomponent or class of components or analogues of such inhibitors ormodulators.

A binding profile or signature can be predictive of a condition ordisease state in a subject from which the sample was obtained, includingbinding profiles associated with isoforms and derivatives of ligandbinding moieties, for example post-translationally modified forms of aprotein. Such binding profiles can be indicative of the activation,inactivation, and/or modulation of a cellular pathway, such as signaltransduction pathways. Aspects of the invention include stimulation of asample or sample source prior to obtaining a sample or prior tocontacting the sample with an array. Stimulation includes contacting asample (e.g., serum) or sample source (e.g., a patient) with a drug, aprotein, an enzyme, a therapy or a therapeutic regime, a diet, ormaintaining such in a particular environment or under a particular setof conditions (e.g., oxidative stress). Further aspects includestimulating a sample (e.g., cells, biopsy, etc.) in vitro, in situ, orin vivo. An environment or set of conditions can include, but are notlimited to, conditions related to light, heat, cold, sleep deprivation,fasting, elevated noise, sound deprivation, light deprivation, and thelike. Typically, a subset of the components of a sample will correlateto a particular disease or condition, such as an autoimmune diseasestate or a particular form of cancer. In other embodiments, a bindingprofile may be chosen to detect the presence or absence of one or morepathogen, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites or a portion or byproduct thereof.

Sample components include a variety of ligand binding moieties such asproteins, which include, but are not limited to antibodies, serumproteins, enzymes, cytokines, cell surface receptors, intracellularsignaling proteins, chaperones, structural proteins, etc. A sample caninclude, but is not limited to, an environmental or a biological sample,such as water, soil, air, culture, serum, blood (including whole bloodor portions thereof), cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, semen, and/or salivasamples. Sample can be obtained from environmental sites or fromanimals, including but not limited to animal subjects, such as cows,pigs, horses, birds, chickens etc. and human subjects.

The profiling technique may be used in the assessment of a complexmixture such as a serum sample, a biopsy, or a cell or tissue extract.Purification or partial purification of one or more sample componentsneed not be, but may be, performed prior to assessment using the presentmethods and compositions. Components of the sample can be bound to orassociated with a binding element array and particular compounds orclasses of compounds may then be selectively assessed or detected.Selective assessment can be performed, for example, using variousimmunoassays, which are well know to those in this field (e.g., ELISAand sandwich assays using antibodies that are specific for a protein orclass of proteins) or various biophysical techniques (e.g., massspectrometry). The signal inherent to the assessment means can bedetermined and designated as “background.” Typically, the backgroundwill be assessed and subtracted from the signal calculated or generatedas representative of detecting binding to the array. The backgrounddetermination may also be used as a base for establishing a thresholdfor selecting signal levels/binding to included in the binding profile.

As referred to above, one aspect of the invention is to measure manydifferent components of the same class of components simultaneously, forexample assessing an antibody profile. All antibodies are quite similar,but have divergent antigen binding sites. Thus, any particular antibodywould be expected to provide a pattern that is unique, though therewould be some overlap between the patterns. The binding of any antibodyto the array could be visualized by using a class-specific detectionreagent, for example a labeled anti-IgG secondary antibody. When acomplex sample such as serum is exposed to the array, the binding“superpattern” visualized will be comprised of the sum of each of theindividual antibody binding patterns weighted by their abundance in thesample. This “superpattern” would therefore be indicative of a diseasestate or physiological state because it would reflect the production ofantibodies not present in a healthy state or a different physiologicalstate, since it is reasonable to assume that the immune, or otherbiological system(s) of an individual will react to a variety ofconditions or maladies (e.g., cancer, infectious disease,atherosclerosis, autoimmune disease, sleep disorders, etc.) in a uniqueway. Given a sufficient number of retrospective studies to coupleparticular binding profiles or signatures with conditions and/or diseasestates, the same diagnostic protocol could be employed to detect(clinically and pre-clinically) a large variety of medical conditionsusing random arrays or focused arrays derived from studies using therandom arrays.

Another example of this type of measurement would be to expose a complexmixture such as a cellular extract to the array and measure thesuperpattern formed by all phosphotyrosine-containing proteins bysubsequent exposure of the array to an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Ingeneral, any class of proteins for which there exists an antibody orother binding agent that recognizes most or all members of that class ofproteins could be profiled in this manner.

In another aspect, the structures of the ligands displayed on the arraycould be biased somewhat to encourage binding of a given class ofproteins to them. For example, an ATP analogue could be coupled to acollection of otherwise random molecules to increase the generalaffinity of these molecules for ATP-binding proteins. In general, anarray of otherwise random compounds could be biased to bind a family ofco-factor-binding protein by appending the cofactor or a mimic of it toeach compound displayed on the array.

The methods of assessment will be modified as needed to compensate forthe variation in binding profiles or signatures between differentindividuals or samples, so that a profile from a given subject or sampleis indicative of a condition or state, such as developing cancer. Also,the specificity of a binding profile or signature for particularconditions can be assessed to differentiate or compensate for two ormore conditions that have an overlapping binding profile or signature(e.g., infections). For example, providing a distinction (staphylococcusinfection) or a general assessment (e.g., infection) of a sampleassociated with a bacterial as compared to a viral infection. It iscontemplated that different infections will produce somewhat differentbinding profiles. Embodiments of the invention allow for bindingassessments to be made in complex solutions relevant to diagnosis inmedicine or other fields.

Derivatives, modifications, or conformers (collectively termed isoforms)can be detected and compared by the inventive methods. It is anticipatedthat different binding patterns on an array will be observed fordifferent forms or isoforms of a component. Isoforms will essentiallybehave as a chemically distinct species that will exhibit acharacteristic binding profile. Different forms of sample componentmight result from: 1) post-translational modifications, such asphosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, or nitration; 2)alternative processing, such splicing of the mRNA splice variants andisoforms, or altered metabolons (sequential metabolic transformations);3) proteolysis of a pre-protein (such as in the maturation ofpro-hormones); 4) ligand binding (other than to the array), which forexample will alter the structure of a component, such as the secondary,tertiary or quaternary structure of a protein. One may distinguishdifferent forms of a component by assessment or detection of differentbinding profiles using a one or more detection schemes. In certainaspects, only a single general detection scheme is needed in contrastwith multiple isoform specific detection schemes used currently, such asprotein specific, conformation specific, or phosphorylation specificantibodies. The detection of binding or binding profile of the one ormore isoforms detects or identifies one or more isoforms in the sample.As mentioned above, isoforms include, but are not limited tophosphorylation isoforms, glycosylation isoforms, myristoylationisoforms, ubiquitylation isoforms, oxidatively modified isoforms,SUMOlyation isoforms, notrosylation isoforms, sulfonation isoforms,length isoforms (e.g., cleavage products), amino acid substitutionisoforms and/or protein conformation isoforms (e.g., prion and infectiveprion isoforms). In certain aspects, one or more isoforms or derivativesinclude, but are not limited to proteins and particularly enzymes, suchas kinases and/or kinase targets. Aspects of the invention includeassessing binding of one or more isoform of one or more samplecomponents to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more ligands or arrays.

Two of the significant applications of the compositions and methodsinclude diagnosis of autoimmune disease and cancer. The profiling ofantibodies or other immune-associated components such as non-adherent Tcells can be used to diagnose the presence of, or risk of developing, aparticular condition. An additional advantage of the present inventionis the cost effectiveness and usability of the methods. Finally, thepresent invention eliminates the major barrier to immunoprofiling. Oneneed not have have any knowledge of the native antigens that result inthe production of disease-specific antibodies or T cells. Thisrequirement has greatly limited the production of arrays capable ofdetecting disease-specific antibodies, since the current state of theart is to use these antigens as ligands displayed on the array.

Furthermore, the methods may include assessing the state of signaltransduction cascades (e.g., their activation, inactivation, ormodulation). This type of embodiment can be used to assess the responseof one or more subjects to drugs, particularly those in clinical trials,or development of resistance to drugs, particularly those included instandard therapies. Such methods will include obtaining a sample from asubject, e.g., cells from a patient. The sample is processed and broughtin contact (hybridized) to an array, then submitted to a detectionprocedure or process, e.g., probed with labeled antibodies against aprotein kinase or class of protein kinases involved in pathway ofinterest. The idea is that the binding pattern (profile) of thekinase(s) would be different depending on whether or not the kinases(s)had been activated, since this event involves post-translationalmodification of the protein(s), including phosphorylation. This wouldobviate the requirement for one or more phosphospecific antibody, whichmay or may not be obtainable.

A. Binding Elements

Binding elements are molecules or portions of molecules that demonstratean affinity for a particular target, sample component, or ligand bindingmoiety, each term may be used interchangeably. Binding elementstypically comprise peptides, peptoids, oligonucleotides,oligosaccharides, or other small molecules that are able to be producedcombinatorially or by other synthetic or recombinant means. In certainaspects, the binding elements are random binding elements, at leastinitially. Binding elements may be selected based on known reactivity toone or more sample component or ligand binding moiety and used toproduce a supplementary of secondary array that is directed to one ormore sample assessment purposes. In certain embodiments, the bindingelements may be preselected as a general class of elements or forspecific binding affinities for an initial/primary array or for asupplementary/secondary array.

Binding elements are typically operatively coupled to a support asdescribed herein. “Low affinity,” as used herein, is defined as aninteraction with a dissociation constant (K_(D)) of ≧10⁻⁵ M, “moderateaffinity” as used herein is defined as a K_(D) between 10⁻⁵ M and 10⁻⁸M, and “high affinity” as used herein is defined as a K_(D) of ≦10⁻⁸ M.Binding elements may be based on a variety of molecules or substances.In various embodiments a binding element(s) may include, but is notlimited to, a peptide, a peptoid (i.e., N-substituted oligoglycines), apeptide-like molecule, a polypeptide, a oligosaccharide, a nucleic acid,a small molecule, an inorganic molecule, an organic molecule or thelike. It is also contemplated that combinations of different classes ofbinding elements may also be used, for example, a peptide modified witha small molecule and the like. It is contemplated that combinations ofdifferent classes of binding elements may be used in forming a chimericbinding element, for example, a peptoid with a small molecule as acapping molecule (ATP or an ATP analog) and the like. Thus, a ligand maybe wholly random, partially random, biased or non-biased In someembodiments, binding elements may be covalently coupled or fused to eachother, for example a fusion of two peptides, with or without interveningresidues, into a single linear molecule, i.e., a chimeric bindingelement. For each binding element, a preferred density may beempirically determined by arraying a number of sensing elements(sudivisions of an array), which include one or more binding elements,at varying densities and identifying an optimal binding element density.

One or more different types of binding elements can be immobilized on asupport surface. Binding elements may be localized or segregated toparticular regions on a support or on particular supports, e.g., latexbeads. Each of these particular regions will be able to bind at leastone target or sample component. These regions are referred to as sensingelements or regions. Typically, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000,10,000, 100,000 or more different sensing elements (including all valuesand ranges therebetween), can be immobilized on a support surface toform various arrays.

In certain aspects, binding elements may be identified or preselected sothat a number of binding elements are associated with components of atarget pathway, disease, or organism. Having a number of elements thatbind to proteins or other molecules involved in various pathways,diseases, or organisms on a support allows those skilled in the art toreadily determine which component in a sample is, for example present,defective, and/or over expressed in a sample for multiple disease statesor conditions at the same time. In some embodiments, a sample may berelated to normal/non-normal cell development, normal/disease condition,infected/non-infected condition, presence/absence of an organism/agentand the like. Smart arrays may have a subset(s) of the array having oneor more binding element that is indicative of a disease or condition. Asubset of the array may be associated with a particular subsection ofthe array (e.g., columns, rows or subarrays). The smart array isselected and organized based on results from random arrays and mayaddress a plurality of related and unrelated conditions. Each conditionaddressed will be in register with a particular subsection of the smartarray.

1. Small Molecules

Virtually any molecule or compound having an ability to bind a targetmolecule may be used as a binding element. Binding elements may includenon-biological or biological polymers, oligosaccharides, a variety ofsmall molecules, lipids, and the like.

Methods have been developed for the combinatorial (e.g., rapid-serial orparallel) synthesis and screening of libraries of small molecules ofpharmaceutical interest, and of biological oligomers such as peptoids,polypeptides, proteins, oligonucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)polymers (Eichler et al., 1995; Cho et al., 1999; LePlae et al., 2002;Ostergaard and Holm, 1997; Yang et al., 1999). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,475,391and 6,461,515; and Brocchini et al. describe exemplary methods andcompositions for the preparation and characterization of polymercombinatorial libraries for selecting polymer materials (Brocchini etal., 1997). Exemplary synthetic methods for oligosaccharides is providedin Kanemitsu and Kanie (2002).

Various small molecule libraries may be obtained from commercial ornon-commercial sources, as well as synthesizing such compounds usingstandard chemical synthesis technology or combinatorial synthesistechnology (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,334; Gallop et al., 1994; Gordon etal, 1994; Thompson and Ellman, 1996; each of which is incorporatedherein by reference).

2. Peptides and Peptide-Like Molecules

In various aspects of the invention, peptides, peptoids, polypeptides,and/or proteins may be used as a binding element or as a portion of anarray. The peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins used as a bindingelement may be an isolated, a recombinant, or a synthetic peptide(s),peptoid(s), polypeptide(s), proteins, oligomeric molecule, and/or smallmolecule. Typically, the composition of a peptide, peptoid, polypeptideor other oligomer will be variable.

3. Synthetic Peptides

Various embodiments of the invention describe peptides or peptidemimetics for use in the production of binding elements. Peptides,peptide mimetics or peptide like molecules of the invention may also besynthesized in solution or on a solid support in accordance withconventional techniques. Various automatic synthesizers are commerciallyavailable and can be used in accordance with known protocols. See, forexample, Stewart and Young (1984); Tam et al (1983); Merrifield (1986);and Barany and Merrifield (1979), each incorporated herein by reference.Short peptide or oligomeric sequences, or libraries of overlappingpeptides or oligomers, usually from about 6 up to about 35 to 50 aminoacids or monomers correspond to binding elements described herein, canbe readily synthesized and then screened in screening assays designed toidentify binding profiles of interest. In some embodiments, recombinantDNA technology may be employed wherein a nucleotide sequence whichencodes a peptide of the invention is inserted into an expressionvector, transformed or transfected into an appropriate host cell andcultivated under conditions suitable for expression.

4. Fusion Peptides

A specialized kind of insertional variant is the fusion protein orpeptide. This molecule generally has all, a substantial portion, or aportion of a first molecule, linked at the N- or C-terminus, to all or aportion of a second molecule. For example, fusions typically employleader sequences from other species to permit the recombinant expressionof a protein in a heterologous host. Other useful fusions includelinking of binding elements. Fusions of the invention include a fusionof two or more binding elements. In certain embodiments the two or moreelements are reversibly or irreversibly coupled to each other.

5. Nucleic Acids

In certain embodiments, binding elements may comprise nucleic acids. Asdiscussed below, a nucleic acid may contain a variety of different basesand yet still produce a binding element. The methods of the presentinvention may select and use nucleic acids that bind to a variety ofsubstances with a low to moderate affinity.

B. Synthesis and/or Purification of Binding Elements

In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to purify or partiallypurify a binding element. A variety of purification techniques for avariety of compounds are well known to those of skill in the art. Thesetechniques involve, at one level, the crude fractionation of a milieu tofractions containing and not containing a binding element. Havingseparated the binding element from other contaminants, the bindingelement may be further purified using chromatographic andelectrophoretic techniques to achieve partial or complete purification(or purification to homogeneity). Analytical methods particularly suitedto the preparation of a particular binding element are ion-exchangechromatography, exclusion chromatography; polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis; isoelectric focusing. A particularly efficient methodof purifying binding element is fast protein liquid chromatography oreven HPLC.

Certain aspects of the present invention concern the purification, andin particular embodiments, the substantial purification, of a bindingelement. The term “purified binding element” as used herein, is intendedto refer to a composition, isolatable from other components, wherein thebinding element is purified to any degree relative to its state ofsynthesis, production, or naturally obtainable state. A purified bindingelement therefore also refers to a binding element, free from theenvironment in which it may naturally occur. Generally, “purified” willrefer to a binding element composition that has been subjected tofractionation to remove various other components, and which compositionsubstantially retains its activity. Where the term “substantiallypurified” is used, this designation will refer to a composition in whichthe protein, peptide, or binding element forms the major component ofthe composition, such as constituting about 50%, about 60%, about 70%,about 80%, about 90%, about 95% or more of the binding elements in thecomposition. Various methods for quantifying the degree of purificationwill be known to those of skill in the art in light of the presentdisclosure.

Various techniques suitable for use in purification will be well knownto those of skill in the art. These include, for example, precipitationwith ammonium sulphate, PEG, antibodies and the like or by heatdenaturation, followed by centrifugation; chromatography steps such asion exchange, gel filtration, reverse phase, hydroxylapatite andaffinity chromatography; isoelectric focusing; gel electrophoresis; andcombinations of such and other techniques. As is generally known in theart, it is believed that the order of conducting the variouspurification steps may be changed, or that certain steps may be omitted,and still result in a suitable method for the preparation of asubstantially purified binding element.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is characterized by a veryrapid separation with extraordinary resolution of peaks. This isachieved by the use of very fine particles and high pressure to maintainan adequate flow rate. Separation can be accomplished in a matter ofminutes, or at most an hour. Moreover, only a very small volume of thesample is needed because the particles are so small and close-packedthat the void volume is a very small fraction of the bed volume. Also,the concentration of the sample need not be very great because the bandsare so narrow that there is very little dilution of the sample.

Gel chromatography, or molecular sieve chromatography, is a special typeof partition chromatography that is based on molecular size. The theorybehind gel chromatography is that the column, which is prepared withtiny particles of an inert substance that contain small pores, separateslarger molecules from smaller molecules as they pass through or aroundthe pores, depending on their size. As long as the material of which theparticles are made does not adsorb the molecules, the sole factordetermining rate of flow is the size. Hence, molecules are eluted fromthe column in decreasing size, so long as the shape is relativelyconstant. Gel chromatography is unsurpassed for separating molecules ofdifferent size because separation is independent of all other factorssuch as pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc. There also is virtually noadsorption, less zone spreading and the elution volume is related in asimple matter to molecular weight.

Affinity Chromatography is a chromatographic procedure that relies onthe specific affinity between a substance to be isolated and a moleculethat it can specifically bind to. This can be a receptor-ligand typeinteraction. The column material is synthesized by covalently couplingone of the binding partners to an insoluble matrix. The column materialis then able to specifically adsorb the substance from the solution.Elution occurs by changing the conditions to those in which binding willnot occur (alter pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.).

The matrix should be a substance that itself does not adsorb moleculesto any significant extent and that has a broad range of chemical,physical and thermal stability. The ligand should be coupled in such away as to not affect its binding properties. The ligand should alsoprovide relatively tight binding. And it should be possible to elute thesubstance without destroying the sample or the ligand. One of the mostcommon forms of affinity chromatography is immunoaffinitychromatography. The generation of antibodies that would be suitable foruse in accord with the present invention is discussed below.

C. Binding Element Arrays

In various embodiments of the invention binding elements or ligands maybe operatively coupled to a support. A “support” refers to a solid phaseonto which a binding element can be provided, (e.g., by attachment,deposition, coupling and other known methods). One or more bindingelements may be immobilized on supports including, but not limited toglass (e.g., a chemically-modified glass slide), latex, plastic,membranes, microtiter, wells, mass spectrometer plates, beads (e.g.,cross-linked polymer beads) or the like. A binding element array caninclude, but is not limited to a plate, a chip, and/or a population ofbeads. A variety of array formats are known in the art and can beadapted to the inventive methods based on the descriptions provided inthis application.

In one aspect, the invention provides supports adapted for use with adetector or a detection method(s) (e.g., ELISA or mass spectrometry),wherein the support comprises a binding elements immobilized on thesupport surface. The binding elements will typically bind with someaffinity and specificity to one or more component(s) of a sample. Invarious non-limiting embodiments, the sample is a biological sample. Thecomponent may be involved in a biological pathway (e.g., signaltransduction, immunological response, cytoplasmic or membrane enzymemediated pathway, cell cycle or developmental cycle pathway). Typically,binding element(s) are located at different addressable, segregatedregions referred to as sensing elements or regions on a support so thatone can readily distinguish which components in a sample are bound to asupport. In some embodiments, binding elements can be placed in the samesensing element or region of the support as long as the components canbe differentially detected. The supports and the binding elements aredescribed in detail herein.

A target(s) (i.e., a sample component or ligand binding moiety) presentin a sample can be captured or bound on any of a variety of bindingelement array/support combinations. Exemplary protein biochips describedin the art are biochips produced by Ciphergen Biosystems (Fremont,Calif.), Packard BioScience Company (Meriden Conn.), Zyomyx (Hayward,Calif.) and Phylos (Lexington, Mass.) (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos.6,225,047 and 6,329,209, and International publication WO 99/51773 andWO 00/56934, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

In certain embodiments of the invention, a surface may comprise aplurality of addressable locations, each of which location has one ormore binding elements. The binding element can be a biological molecule,such as a peptide, polypeptide, or a nucleic acid, which binds otherbiomolecules in a specific manner. Binding elements can comprise apurely random feature and a non-random feature.

In one embodiment, a support is capable of being engaged by an interfaceof a mass spectrometer which positions the support in an interrogatablerelationship with an ionization source. The support can be in any shape,e.g., in the form of a strip, a plate, or a dish with a series of wells.Each binding element(s) may be immobilized at different addressablelocations at the support surface.

Typically, each sensing element or region comprises a different bindingelement(s) so that one can readily distinguish a binding pattern orprofile of one or more targets in a sample that are bound to thesupport.

Each sensing region on the support will be “addressable” in that duringdetection of target binding, a detection method may be directed to, or“addresses” the sensing region(s) where a target is bound to the one orbinding elements. The addressable locations can be arranged in anypattern on the support, but are preferably in regular pattern, such aslines, orthogonal arrays, or regular curves (e.g., circles).Alternatively, binding elements can be placed on the support surface incontinuous patterns, rather than in discontinuous patterns.

Alternatively, the support can be a separate material. For example, asupport can be a solid phase, such as a polymeric, paramagnetic, latex,or glass bead, upon which are immobilized binding elements for one ormore targets. A solid phase material may be placed onto a probe ordetectable media (e.g., fluorescently tagged bead) that is removablyinsertable into a gas phase ion spectrometer or passed by a detectorsuch as a laser/spectrometer device. The solid phase with each type ofbinding element(s) is typically placed at different addressablelocations of the support surface. Alternatively, as noted above,different binding elements can be placed on the same addressablelocations as long as they are able to be differentially detected.

The support can be also shaped so that it is adapted for use withvarious components of a gas phase ions spectrometer, such as inletsystems and detectors. For example, the support can be adapted formounting in a horizontally and/or vertically translatable carriage thathorizontally and/or vertically moves the support to a successiveposition. This allows components bound to different locations of thesupport surface to be analyzed without requiring repositioning of thesupport by hand.

The support can be made of any suitable material. For example, thesupport materials include, but are not limited to, insulating materials(e.g., glass such as silicon oxide, plastic, ceramic), semi-conductingmaterials (e.g. silicon wafers), or electrically conducting materials(e.g., metals, such as nickel, brass, steel, aluminum, gold, orelectrically conductive polymers), organic polymers, biopolymers, or anycombination thereof. The support material can also be solid or porous.Examples of supports suitable for use in embodiments of the inventionare described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,060 and PCT Publication WO98/59360, each of which are incorporated by reference.

The support can be conditioned to bind binding elements. In someembodiments, the surface of the support can be conditioned (e.g.,chemically or mechanically (e.g., roughening)) to place binding elementson the surface. Typically, a support comprises reactive groups that canimmobilize binding elements. For example, the support can comprise acarbonyldiimidazole group which covalently reacts with amine groups. Inanother example, the support can comprise an epoxy surface whichcovalently reacts with amine and thiol groups. In another example, thesupport could be a glass surface in which the surface is modified byfirst appending a poly-ethylene glycol chain followed by capping with athiol-reactive moiety such as a maleimide, which reacts covalently witha thiol-containing ligand. Supports with these reactive surfaces arecommercially available from Ciphergen Biosystems (Fremont, Calif.) orcan be synthesized using protocols known to those knowledgeable in theart.

Arrays utilized in this invention may include between about 10, 100,1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000,12,500 to 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, to about 100,000 distinct randomligands or binding elements, including values and ranges therebetween.

III. Sample Preparation and Handling

The components of samples that can be explored as biomarkers using thisinvention may be non-adherent cells (e.g., immune effector cells, suchas T-cells and the like), microorganisms (e.g., pathogenic andopportunistic microbes, including bacteria, fungi, virus and the like),proteins, peptides, lipids, polysaccharides, small molecules, organicmolecules, inorganic molecules, biological molecules, and the like. Inparticular aspects, the sample components to be evaluated as potentialbiomarkers are antibodies or proteins present in a sample derived from asubject (e.g., serum, biopsy, urine, CSF etc.). Samples used in thisinvention can be derived from a range of sources, from biologicalsamples to environmental samples. In particular embodiments the samplemay be derived from a biological source. These include, e.g., bodyfluids such as blood, feces, sputum, urine, serum, saliva, or extractsfrom biological samples, such as biopsies, bacteria or cells. Samplesmay be derived or obtained from a variety of subjects, includinganimals, both domestic and wild. Subjects include, but is not limited tohumans, including patients and clinical subjects; livestock, such ascows, pigs, goats, sheep, and horses; fowl, such as chickens, ducks,guineas, and turkeys; pets, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, andreptiles. In certain embodiments, a sample is in liquid form. In someembodiments a sample may be derived from a gas or transformed into a gasor liquid.

Typically the sample is contacted with a support comprising an array ofbinding elements in any suitable manner, e.g., bathing, soaking,dipping, spraying, washing over, or pipetting. Generally, a volume ofsample containing from 1 pM to 1 mM of a target in a volume from about 1μl to 1 ml is sufficient for binding to one or more binding elements.The sample can contact the support comprising one or more bindingelements for a period of time sufficient to allow the target moleculesto bind to the binding element(s). Typically, the sample and the supportcomprising the binding elements are contacted for a period of betweenabout 30 seconds to about, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes to about 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, to 24 hours or so. In someembodiments, between about 30 seconds and about 15 minutes is sufficientfor binding of the target. Typically, the sample is contacted with thebinding elements under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Forsome samples, however, modified temperature (typically at about 4, 5,10, 15, 20, 25° C. to about 30, 32, 34, 36, to 37° C.) and pressure(atmospheric pressure to 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more psi)conditions may be desirable. These conditions are determinable by thoseskilled in the art.

After the support is contact with the sample or sample solution, it ispreferred that unbound and weakly absorbed materials on the supportsurface are washed out or off so that only the more tightly boundmaterials remain on the support surface. Washing a support surface canbe accomplished by, e.g., bathing, soaking, dipping, rinsing, spraying,or washing the support surface with an eluant. A microfluidics processmay be used when an eluant is introduced to small spots of captureagents on the support. Typically, an eluant may be at a temperature ofbetween less than 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,90 to 100° C. or any value or range therebetween. In some embodiments,washing unbound materials from the probe surface may not be necessary ifcomponents bound by binding elements can be resolved by gas phase ionspectrometry without a wash or are detected using a high specificitysandwich reagent that will ignore molecules that might be present otherthan the target.

Any suitable eluants (e.g., organic or aqueous) that preserve therelevant interaction can be used to wash the support surface.Preferably, an aqueous solution is used. Exemplary aqueous solutionsinclude, e.g., a HEPES buffer, a Tris buffer, or a phosphate bufferedsaline. To increase the wash stringency of the buffers, additives can beincorporated into the buffers. These include, but are limited to, ionicinteraction modifier (both ionic strength and pH), hydrophobicinteraction modifier, chaotropic reagents, affinity interactiondisplacers. Specific examples of these additives can be found in, e.g.,PCT publication WO98/59360. The selection of a particular eluant oreluant additives is dependent on the conditions used (e.g., types ofbinding elements used, and/or types of compounds or molecular targets,such as signal transduction components, immunological components, cellcycle or developmental cycle components, etc.).

Prior to desorption and ionization of a target from a support surface,an energy absorbing molecule (“EAM”) or a matrix material is typicallyapplied to the support surface. The energy absorbing molecules canassist absorption of energy from an energy source from a gas phase ionspectrometer, and can assist desorption of targets from the supportsurface. Exemplary energy absorbing molecules include cinnamic acidderivatives, sinapinic acid (“SPA”), cyano hydroxy cinnamic acid(“CHCA”) and dihydroxybenzoic acid. Other suitable energy absorbingmolecules are known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,719,060 for additional description of energy absorbing molecules.

The energy absorbing molecule and the sample can be contacted in anysuitable manner. For example, an energy absorbing molecule is mixed withthe sample, and the mixture is placed on the support surface. In anotherexample, an energy absorbing molecule can be placed on the supportsurface prior to contacting the support surface with the sample. Inanother example, the sample can be placed on the support surface priorto contacting the support surface with an energy absorbing molecule.Then the components bound to the capture reagents on the support surfaceare desorbed, ionized and detected as described in detail below.

IV. Detection Methods

Methods detecting targets captured or bound on a solid support cangenerally be divided into photometric methods of detection andnon-photometric methods of detection.

Photometric methods of detection include, without limitation, thosemethods that detect or measure absorbance, fluorescence, refractiveindex, polarization or light scattering. Methods involving absorbanceinclude measuring light absorbance of an analyte directly (increasedabsorbance compared to background) or indirectly (measuring decreasedabsorbance compared to background). Measurement of ultraviolet, visibleand infrared light all are known. Methods involving fluorescence alsoinclude direct and indirect fluorescent measurement. Methods involvingfluorescence include, for example, fluorescent tagging in immunologicalmethods such as ELISA or sandwich assay. Methods involving measuringrefractive index include, for example, surface plasmon resonance(“SPR”), grating coupled methods (e.g., sensors uniform gratingcouplers, wavelength-interrogated optical sensors (“WIOS”) and chirpedgrating couplers), resonant mirror and interferometric techniques.Methods involving measuring polarization include, for example,ellipsometry. Light scattering methods (nephelometry) may also be used.

Non-photometric methods of detection include, without limitation,magnetic resonance imaging, gas phase ion spectrometry, atomic forcemicroscopy and multipolar coupled resonance spectroscopy. Magneticresonance imaging (MRI) is based on the principles of nuclear magneticresonance (NMR), a spectroscopic technique used by scientists to obtainmicroscopic chemical and physical information about molecules, for areview see Hornak (2002). Gas phase ion spectrometers include massspectrometers, ion mobility spectrometers and total ion currentmeasuring devices.

Mass spectrometers measure a parameter which can be translated intomass-to-charge ratios of ions. Generally ions of interest bear a singlecharge, and mass-to-charge ratios are often simply referred to as mass.Mass spectrometers include an inlet system, an ionization source, an ionoptic assembly, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Several differentionization sources have been used for desorbing and ionizing analytesfrom the surface of a support or biochip in a mass spectrometer. Suchmethodologies include laser desorption/ionization (MALDI, SELDI), fastatom bombardment, plasma desorption, and secondary ion massspectrometers. In such mass spectrometers the inlet system comprises asupport interface capable of engaging the support and positioning it ininterrogatable relationship with the ionization source and concurrentlyin communication with the mass spectrometer, e.g., the ion opticassembly, the mass analyzer and the detector.

Solid supports for use in bioassays that have a generally planar surfacefor the capture of targets and adapted for facile use as supports withdetection instruments are generally referred to as biochips.

In certain embodiments, methods for detecting components of a biologicalpathway, e.g., a signal transduction pathway, wherein the methods maycomprise: providing a support comprising a plurality of binding elementsimmobilized on a surface of the support, wherein binding elementsspecifically bind to one or more target component(s) of a sample,contacting a sample with a support, and detecting the components of thebiological pathway bound to their corresponding capture agents on thesupport by gas phase ion spectrometry. In some embodiments, datagenerated by gas phase ion spectrometry from a test sample can becompared to a control to determine if there is any defect in thebiological pathway in the test sample. The sample preparation methodsand gas phase ion spectrometry analysis are described in U.S. PatentApplication 20020137106, incorporated herein by reference.

Assessment of binding can include contacting the array with labeledaffinity reagent, such as an anti-Ig.

V. Analysis of Data

Data generated by quantitation of the amount of a sample component ofinterest bound to each binding element on the array (e.g., signaltransduction components, immunological components, plasma membraneenzyme mediators, cell cycle components, developmental cycle components,or pathogen components) can be analyzed using any suitable means. In oneembodiment, data is analyzed with the use of a programmable digitalcomputer. The computer program generally contains a readable medium thatstores codes. Certain code can be devoted to memory that includes thelocation of each feature on a support, the identity of the bindingelements at that feature and the elution conditions used to wash thesupport surface. The computer also may contain code that receives asinput, data on the strength of the signal at various addressablelocations on the support. This data can indicate the number of targetsdetected, including the strength of the signal generated by each target.

Data analysis can include the steps of determining signal strength(e.g., height of peaks) of a target(s) detected and removing “outliers”(data deviating from a predetermined statistical distribution). Theobserved peaks can be normalized, a process whereby the height of eachpeak relative to some reference is calculated. For example, a referencecan be background noise generated by instrument and chemicals (e.g.,energy absorbing molecule) which is set as zero in the scale. Then thesignal strength detected for each target can be displayed in the form ofrelative intensities in the scale desired. Alternatively, a standard maybe admitted with the sample so that a peak from the standard can be usedas a reference to calculate relative intensities of the signals observedfor each target detected.

Data generated by detection of component(s) in a test sample can becompared to control data to determine if the target(s) in the testsample is normal. Control data refers to data obtained from comparablesamples from a normal cell, sample, or person, which or who is known tohave defined profile with regard to a sample component or a samplecondition. For each component being detected, a control amount of acomponent from a normal or standardized sample can be determined.Preferably, the control amount of a component is determined based upon asignificant number of samples taken from samples such as normal cells orpersons so that it reflects variations of the amount of these targetsseen in the normal cell or population.

If the test amount of a particular component is significantly increasedor decreased compared to the control amount of the component, then thisis a positive indication that the test sample has an underlying defector contains a particular test substance or organism, or is diagnostic ofa particular condition or disease. For example, if the test amount of abiological pathway component is increased or decreased by at least5-fold or greater than 10-fold compared to the control amount, then thisis an indication that the test sample is distinct from a standard orcontrol sample or has an alteration in a biological or non-biologicalsystem. At least 1, 5, 10% or more of the elements, including all valuesand ranges there between, on the array may meet the 10 fold threshold.

Data generated by the detector, e.g., the mass spectrometer, can then beanalyzed by computer software. The software can comprise code thatconverts signal from the detector into computer readable form. Thesoftware also can include code that applies an algorithm to the analysisof the signal to determine whether the signal represents a “peak” in thesignal corresponding to a target. The software also can include codethat executes an algorithm that compares signal from a test sample to atypical signal characteristic of “normal” or standard sample anddetermines the closeness of fit between the two signals. The softwarealso can include code indicating whether the test sample has a normalprofile of the target(s) or if it has an abnormal profile.

VI. Conditions or Disease States

A binding profile of one or more sample components (biomarkers) can beused to predict, diagnose, or assess a condition or disease state in asubject from which the sample was obtained. A disease state or conditionincludes, but is not limited to cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatorydisease, infectious disease, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovasculardisease, bacterial infection, viral infection, fungus infection, prioninfection, physiologic state, contamination state, or health in general.The methods of the invention can use binding profiles and bindingelement/random ligands to differentiate between different forms of adisease state, including pre-disease states or the severity of a diseasestate. For example, the methods may be used to determine the metastaticstate of a cancer or the susceptibility to an agent or disease state.Embodiments of the invention include methods and compositions forassessing ligand binding moieties present in breast cancer, lung cancer,prostate cancer, cervical cancer, head & neck cancer, testicular cancer,ovarian cancer, skin cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, livercancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, esophageal cancer,lymphoma, and leukemia.

Further embodiments can be used to assess ligand binding moietiespresent in autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, chronic activehepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, dilated cardiomyopathy,myocarditis, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS-I),autoimmune hepatitis, cystic fibrosis vasculitides, acquiredhypoparathyroidism, goodpasture syndrome, Crohn disease, coronary arterydisease, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, Guillain-Barrésyndrome, Type 1 diabetes, stiff man syndrome, Rasmussen encephalitis,autoimmune gastritis, Addison disease, insulin hypoglycemic syndrome(Hirata disease), Type B insulin resistance, acanthosis, systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE), pernicious anemia, treatment-resistant Lymearthritis, polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating diseases,Rheumatic fever, atopic dermatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Gravesdisease, autoimmune hypothyroidism, vitiligo, thyroid associatedopthalmopathy, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune Hashimoto thyroiditis,coeliac disease, ACTH deficiency, myositis, dermatomyositis,polymyositis, dermatomyositis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic sclerosis,progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma,morphea, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, herpesgestationis, cicatricial pemphigoid, chronic idiopathic urticaria,connective tissue syndromes, necrotizing and crescenticglomerulonephritis (NCGN), systemic vasculitis, Wegener granulomatosis,Churg-Strauss syndrome, polymyositis, Raynaud syndrome, chronic liverdisease, visceral leishmaniasis, autoimmune C1 deficiency, membraneproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), prolonged coagulation time,autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura, immunodeficiency, atherosclerosis,neuronopathy, paraneoplastic pemphigus, paraneoplastic stiff mansyndrome, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, subacute autonomicneuropathy, cancer-associated retinopathy, paraneoplastic opsoclonusmyoclonus ataxia, lower motor neuron syndrome, Lambert-Eaton myasthenicsyndrome, and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.

Yet further embodiments of the invention include methods andcompositions for assessing ligand binding moieties present in infectiousdiseases such as Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Anthrax,Botulism, Brucellosis, Chancroid, Chlamydial infection, Cholera,Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Cyclosporiasis, Diphtheria,Ehrlichiosis, Arboviral Encephalitis, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(E. coli), Giardiasis, Gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, Hansen'sdisease (leprosy), Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Hemolytic uremicsyndrome, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV), Legionellosis, Listeriosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Measles,Meningococcal disease, Mumps, Pertussis (whooping cough), Plague,Paralytic Poliomyelitis (polio), Psittacosis (parrot fever), Q Fever,Rabies, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rubella, Congenital rubellasyndrome, Salmonellosis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),Shigellosis, Smallpox, Streptococcal disease (invasive Group A),Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), Streptococcus pneumoniae,Syphilis, Tetanus, Toxic shock syndrome, Trichinosis, Tuberculosis,Tularemia, Typhoid fever, Vancomycin-Intermediate/ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Varicella, Yellow fever, variantCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Dengue fever, Ebola hemorrhagic fever,Echinococcosis (Alveolar Hydatid disease), Hendra virus infection, Humanmonkeypox, Influenza A H5N1 (avian influenza), Lassa fever, Marburghemorrhagic fever, Nipah virus, O'nyong-nyong fever, Rift Valley fever,Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and West Nile virus (see U.S. GovernmentAccounting Office publication GAO-04-877 “Disease Surveillance”).

In still yet further embodiments, the invention include methods andcompositions for assessing ligand binding moieties present inneurodegenerative diseases such as stroke, hypovolemic shock, traumaticshock, reperfusion injury, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, associateddementia; neuron toxicity, Alzheimer's disease, head trauma, adultrespiratory disease (ARDS), acute spinal cord injury, Huntington'sdisease, and Parkinson's Disease.

Signal transduction cascades operate, in part, through sequentialphosphorylation events mediated by protein kinases. These covalentevents are critical in transducing signals from the outside of the cellto the nucleus, where they bring about changes in gene expression. Theinventors claim that activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of a specificprotein kinase in any specific transduction pathway could be analyzed byhybridization of a cell extract to a synthetic molecule microarray. Theidea is that a chemically modified protein would evince a pattern ofbinding to the array distinct from that of the unmodified protein. Thepatterns of interest could be visualized by subsequent hybridization ofthe array with a labeled antibody (or an unlabeled antibody and alabeled secondary) that did not distinguish between the different formsof the protein kinase. This would remove the requirement forphospho-form-specific antibodies, which is a major technical hurdlecurrently in mapping signal transduction cascades. Note that this doesnot require the subsequent analysis of proteins or peptides bound toeach feature by mass spectrometry or any other tool and does not requirethe identification in the mass spectrum of peaks corresponding tophosphorylated or otherwise modified peptides.

VII. Kits

Any of the compositions described herein may be comprised in a kit. In anon-limiting example, binding elements, binding element arrays andrelated support(s), buffers, linkers, and reagents are provided in akit. The kit may further comprise reagents for processing a sampleand/or sample components. The kit may also comprise reagents that may beused to label varous components of an array or sample, with for example,radio isotopes or fluorophors.

Kits for implementing methods of the invention described herein arespecifically contemplated. In some embodiments, there are kits forsynthesis, processing, and detection of binding element arrays.

Regents for the detection of sample component binding can comprise oneor more of the following: array substrate; binding elements; and/ordetection reagents.

The components of the kits may be packaged either in aqueous media or inlyophilized form. The container means of the kits will generally includeat least one vial, test tube, plate, flask, bottle, array substrate,syringe or other container means, into which a component may be placed,and preferably, suitably attached. Where there is more than onecomponent in the kit (labeling reagent and label may be packagedtogether), the kit also will generally contain a second, third or otheradditional container into which the additional components may beseparately placed. However, various combinations of components may becomprised in a vial. The kits of the present invention also willtypically include a means for containing binding elements or reagentsfor synthesizing such, and any other reagent containers in closeconfinement for commercial sale. Such containers may include injectionor blow molded plastic containers into which the desired vials areretained.

When components of the kit are provided in one and/or more liquidsolutions, the liquid solution is typically an aqueous solution that issterile and proteinase free. In some cases proteinatious compositionsmay be lyophilized to prevent degradation and/or the kit or componentsthereof may be stored at a low temperature (i.e., less than about 4°C.). When reagents and/or components are provided as a dry powder and/ortablets, the powder can be reconstituted by the addition of a suitablesolvent. It is envisioned that the solvent may also be provided inanother container means.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to further illustrate variousaspects of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill inthe art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that followrepresent techniques and/or compositions discovered by the inventor tofunction well in the practice of the invention, and thus can beconsidered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However,those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure,appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodimentswhich are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1 Sample Profiling Using Peptoid Arrays

Different proteins exhibit unique and reproducible fingerprints,profiles, or signatures when hybridized to a peptoid microarray.Microarrays were constructed that consist of 7680 different octamericpeptoids spotted covalently on a maleimide-functionalized glassmicroscope slide using a robotic pin spotter (FIG. 1). The peptoidlibrary was created by split and pool synthesis on 500 μm polystyrenemacrobeads (Rapp Polymere) using seven different amines. A C-terminalcysteine residue was included in each molecule to facilitate coupling tothe array surface. These methods are described in Reddy & Kodadek(2005).

To these arrays was hybridized either fluorescein-labeled ubiquitin(Ub), fluorescein-labeled Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) or Cy3-labeledMaltose-Binding Protein (MBP) in the presence of a 100-fold excess ofunlabeled proteins derived from a crude Eschericia coli extract (tomimic a moderately abundant protein in a crude extract). GST solutionsof 10, 100, or 500 nm have been used to assess the effect of dilution.The concentration of the labeled protein was 500 nM in each case. Afterwashing, the pattern of binding of the labeled protein to the array wasvisualized using a standard commercial microarray scanner. Eachexperiment was done twice in a completely independent fashion. The rawarray images from the hybridizations of labeled GST and Ubiquitin areshown in FIG. 2, along with an image of an array taken prior to.Hundreds of features on each array captured labeled protein at a leveldetectable above the background under these conditions, as can be betterseen in the expanded regions shown in FIG. 2. These data confirm that alibrary of 7680 peptoids is sufficiently rich in protein ligands tosupport a fingerprinting application. One can fingerprint proteins usingan array with less than 100 to 75 features if one so desired.

Even by the naked eye, it can be seen that the binding patterns aredistinct on each array (FIG. 2). To address the issue of reproducibilityand the uniqueness of the fingerprint more rigorously, all of the datawere visualized as a series of scatter plots. When the two independenthybridizations for a given protein were compared, a high degree ofcorrelation was obtained (FIG. 2 R=0.97 for GST). An even bettercorrelation was obtained if only the higher intensity features wereconsidered, as one would expect, since the data closest to thebackground tend to be the “noisiest” (not shown). These data indicatethat the exemplary methods are sufficiently reproducible to serve as aplatform for protein fingerprinting.

When data sets obtained from two different protein hybridizations werecompared, the correlation was far lower (see FIG. 2, lower plot; R=0.56for GST vs. Ub,). Based on these data, it was concluded that thedifferent proteins employed in this study exhibited highly reproducibleand distinctive patterns when hybridized to a peptoid microarray. In onestudy the average intensity difference between two studies was 5.2 fold(not shown).

Example 2 Distinguishing Two Antibodies by their Binding Profile

Even two proteins that are highly related chemically and structurallycan be distinguished by their binding pattern to peptoid micorarrays.For example, FIG. 3 shows that two monoclonal antibodies that differonly by a few amino acids in their epitope-binding regions show clearlydistinguishable binding patterns to the arrays. The binding patternswere detected by subsequent incubation of the arrays with afluorescently-labeled anti-IgG antibody. A control experiment wasdetermined to identify peptoids that bind the secondary antibodydirectly and these were eliminated form the analysis of the primaryantibody binding patterns.

Example 3 Antibody Profiling in Serum

The discovery that individual monoclonal antibodies evince differentbinding patterns to the arrays suggested that different “superpatterns”would be observed if a complex mixture of antibodies, such as thatpresent in serum, were applied to the array. FIG. 4 illustrates the ideathat this “superpattern” would be comprised of the sum of all of theindividual antibody binding patterns weighted by their representation inthe population. Thus, if the level of one or more antibodies weresignificantly elevated in a particular disease state, the intensity ofsignal measured at the peptoid features to which the amplifiedantibodies bind would be expected to increase detectably, thus providinga “fingerprint” specific for that disease.

To test this idea, mice were injected with an antigenic peptide derivedfrom MBP that is known to result in a multiples sclerosis-likeautoimmune disease called EAE. As a control, some mice were injectedwith saline. At various times after injection, serum samples were takenfrom these mice and, ater dilution, were applied to peptoid microarraysand the pattern of binding of all IgG antibodies was visualized bysubsequent incubation with a labeled anti-IgG secondary antibody (FIG.5). The results, summarized in the form of a Venn diagram, show that asthe disease progresses in the antigen-immunized mice, the pattern of IgGbinding to the array changes. To mine these data for biomarkerdiscovery, the peptoid features that displayed consistently highintensity in most or all of the disease samples were identified (FIG. 6;2076 features) and compared to the peptoid features that displayed highintensity in any of the samples obtained from the saline-treated mice.As shown in the bottom diagram of FIG. 5, a comparison of these peptoidsrevealed that 71 consistently showed high signal intensity in most orall of the disease samples, but not in the control samples. These 71peptoids are therefore candidates for capture agents for autoanitbodiesassociated with the disease state.

To determine if these peptoids are capturing antibodies specific to EAE,or if they represent some non-specific biological response such asinflammation, the same type of experiment was repeated with a mousemodel for lupus, a different autoimmune disease. The same type of dataanalysis showed that 99 peptoids on the array consistently had displayedmuch higher levels of antibody capture in the lupus mouse-derivedsamples compared to the controls. As shown in FIG. 7, a comparison ofthe identity of the peptoids identified in the EAE (MS) and lupusstudies revealed that all but three of them are unique. These data arguestrongly that the inventive method is capable of identifying peptoidsthat capture disease-specific autoantibodies and that this approachwould likely be useful for the diagnosis of human diseases to which theimmune system reacts. Note that this constitutes a vey sensitive method,as the crude serum samples employed in these analyses were diluted2000-fold prior to exposure to the array.

Example 4 Application to the Diagnosis of Human Disease

To assess whether the present invention might be of utility forprofiling human antibody populations and might be employed to diagnosedisease states, studies similar to those described in Example 3 wereperformed, but with serum samples collected from human patients as wellas healthy controls. In each case, the serum sample from the patientwith the given disease (see first column in the table below) was exposedto a microarray displaying 7680 different octameric peptoids. Theresultant IgG antibody binding pattern was visualized by subsequenthybridization with a fluorescently labeled anti-IgG antibody. The IgGbinding patterns of the patient sample was compared with that obtainedfrom analysis of an age-, sex- and race-matched control subject. Theresults for a variety of human disease states are shown in the tablebelow. In all of the cases except one (narcolepsy) at least one dozen(and usually far more) peptoids were identified that exhibited at leasta five-fold greater signal intensity in the diseases sample than in thecontrol sample. Even in the case of narcolepsy, four discriminatingpeptoids were identified. Although larger numbers of samples must beanalyzed to reach a statistically significant result, these data clearlyshow that human antibody profiles can be measured using peptoidmicroarray technology and suggest that this technique will be useful forhuman diagnosis of a variety of diseases. Note that the serum samplesanalyzed came from patients not only with an autoimmune condition(lupus, MS and rheumatoid arthritis), but cancers (Von Hippel-Landau,breast cancer, colon cancer), neurological disease (Alzheimers),infectious disease (HIV) and cardiovascular disease (heart failure).

TABLE 1 Profiling human antibody populations associated with a diagnoseddisease state. Disease Signal Disease/ Disease/ >1000 & Normal NormalDisease Normal Signal <1000 >5 Fold <5 Fold HIV 675 68 607 Alzheimers1656 33 1623 Heart Failure 1225 445 780 Narcolepsy 7 4 3 Breast Cancer1620 73 1547 Colon Cancer 2509 100 2409 Von Hippel 3041 102 2939 LindauMultiple Sclerosis 475 344 131 Rheumatoid Arthritis 26 14 12 Lupus 146130 16

Example 5 Detection of an Immune Response Resulting from ChemicalExposure

To determine if antibody profiling on peptoid microarrays could be usedto detect immune responses to exposure to toxic chemicals, rats weretreated with the chemicals listed in the Table 2. An antibody profilingstudy was done on serum collected from these animals. As shown in Table1, comparison of these patterns with those obtained from serum ofsaline-injected mice suggested that a small number of peptoids might becapable of capturing antibodies induced specifically by the particulartoxic chemical. However, the differential between these serum sampleswas much smaller than that observed in mice and humans for the diseasestates discussed above. The data shown in Table 2 indicate that ratimmune signatures can be obtained using this technology and indicatesthat it is possible to use this technique to monitor exposure to toxicchemicals.

TABLE 2 Antibody profiling of responses to exposure to toxic chemicals.Treated Signal >1000 & Treated/ Normal Signal Treated/Normal NormalChemical Agent <1000 >2 Fold <2 Fold 1,5-Napthalenediamine 11 7 4Benzofuran 8 5 3 N-(1- 5 0 5 naphthyl)ethylenediaminePentachloronitrobenzene 2 6 3 3

Example 6 Mapping Cellular Responses to Drug Treatment

Signal transduction cascades operate, in part, through sequentialphosphorylation events mediated by protein kinases. These covalentevents are critical in transducing signals from the outside of the cellto the nucleus, where they bring about changes in gene expression.Activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of a specific protein kinase in anyspecific transduction pathway can be analyzed by hybridization of a cellextract to a synthetic molecule microarray. The idea is that achemically modified protein would evince a pattern of binding to thearray distinct from that of the unmodified protein. The patterns ofinterest could be visualized by subsequent hybridization of the arraywith a labeled antibody (or an unlabeled antibody and a labeledsecondary) that did not distinguish between the different forms of theprotein kinase. This would remove the requirement forphospho-form-specific antibodies, which is a major technical hurdlecurrently in mapping signal transduction cascades. Note that this doesnot require the subsequent analysis of proteins or peptides bound toeach feature by mass spectrometry or any other tool and does not requirethe identification in the mass spectrum of peaks corresponding tophosphorylated or otherwise modified peptides.

To test this idea, extracts from cells that had or had not been treatedwith MCSF were exposed to the peptoid microarray and binding of the Aktsignal transduction factor, which is known to be activated by MCSF, wasassessed using a fluorescently labeled anti-Akt antibody. Analysis ofthe data revealed that 237 peptoids on the array were capable ofdistinguishing the activated and unactivated states of Akt (whichrepresent differential post-translational modification) by virtue oftheir differences in signal intensity.

Example 7 General Methods

Preparation of Peptoid and Peptide Microarrays. Chemicals and solventswere purchased from commercial suppliers. The combinatorial librariesused in these studies were synthesized using the “submonomer” methodwhich employs microwave irradiation. Individual library compounds (onbeads) were separated into 96 well plates (one bead per one well). Thesecompounds were cleaved with a cocktail of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA),dichloroethane (DCE), water (H₂O) and triisopropyl silane (TIS) in theratio of 30:65:2.5:2.5. The compounds were subsequently transferredusing a robotic Tecan Genesis™ workstation to 384 well plates in atransfer buffer containing acetonitrile (ACN) and water in the ratio of50:50. The transfer buffer was allowed to evaporate and the compounds inthe 384 well plates were resuspended in DMSO. The compounds weredeposited onto maleimide functionalized glass slides using a TelechemNanoprint™ 60 microarray printing instrument. Following printing, theslides then were allowed to stand for 15 h on the printer platform,washed 1 hour each with DMSO, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, andisopropanol, dried by centrifugation and stored under argon at roomtemperature.

Microarray Hybridization and Image Analysis. Microarrays were firsthybridized with a solution containing 1 ul of sera diluted with 999 ulof 1×TBST. Hybridization proceeded for 18 hours at 4° C. with gentlerotation. Following this hybridization, the microarrays were rinsedthree times in 1×TBST (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.4)and then a second hybridization was performed for 2 hours at 4° C. usinga labeled secondary antibody diluted 1:400 in 1×TBST. The slides werethen washed three times in 1×TBST and dried by centrifugation.

The microarray slides were scanned by using a Molecular Devices GenePix4200 Al™ autoloading scanner at 10 micron resolution with appropriateexcitation laser wavelengths. To determine the signal intensities ofindividual spots, the scanned images were analyzed using GenePix™ PRO6.0software. Local background subtracted median spot intensities were usedfor higher level data analysis using GeneSpring™ software from AgilentTechnologies.

All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can bemade and executed without undue experimentation in light of the presentdisclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention havebeen described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent tothose of skill in the art that variations may be applied to thecompositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps ofthe method described herein without departing from the concept, spiritand scope of the invention. Aspects of one embodiment may be applied toother embodiments and vice versa. More specifically, it will be apparentthat certain agents which are both chemically and physiologicallyrelated may be substituted for the agents described herein while thesame or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutesand modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to bewithin the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference.

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1. A method of profiling a plurality of distinct ligand binding moietyin a sample comprising: (a) providing an array of ligands having aplurality of random structures; (b) contacting said array with abiological sample comprising ligand binding moiety; and (c) assessingbinding of ligand binding moiety to said array, wherein binding ofligand binding moiety to said array detects ligand binding moieties insaid sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said ligand bindingmoiety is comprised in a body fluid or on a cell surface.
 3. The methodof claim 2, wherein the cell surface is on a non-adherent cell.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the cell is a T cell.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein said ligand binding moiety is an antibody.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein assessing binding of the ligand binding moiety to thearray features comprises contacting the array with labeled anti-Ig. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein said ligand binding moieties are enzymes.8. The method of claim 7, wherein assessing comprises labeling theenzymes with fluorescently labeled or otherwise labeled mechanism-basedinhibitors or other covalent inhibitors.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein said ligand binding moieties are nucleotide-binding proteins,glycosylated proteins, post-transitionally modified proteins, peptidehormones or ligands.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein assessingcomprises detecting fluorescently or otherwise labeled nucleotides ornucleotide analogues, fluorescently or otherwise-labeled sugar-bindingmolecules, or fluorescently or otherwise-labeled antibodies.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said random ligands comprise peptides,peptoids, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides or small molecules.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said random ligands are preselected based onknown reactivity to said ligand binding moieties or a class of ligandbinding moieties.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the profile ofbinding of said ligand binding moiety is predictive of a disease statein a subject from which said sample was obtained.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the disease state is selected from the groupconsisting of cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease,infectious disease, neurodegenerative disease, or cardiovasculardisease.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein profile of bindingdifferentiates between different forms of a disease state.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the profile of binding differentiates formsof a disease state as mild or aggressive.
 17. The method of claim 14,wherein the profile of binding differentiates between a disease statethat is or is not responsive to a treatment or therapy.
 18. The methodof claim 14, wherein the disease state is breast cancer, lung cancer,prostate cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, testicularcancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer,liver cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, esophagealcancer, lymphoma, or leukemia, such as antibodies that recognizeepitopes unique to these disease states.
 19. The method of claim 14,wherein autoimmune disease is lupus, myestenia gravis, multiplesclerosis, narcolepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, nephritis, Chagas disease,scleroderma, or Sjogren's disease.
 20. The method of claim 14, whereininfection is a result of infection with viruses, bacteria or fungi. 21.The method of claim 14, wherein the neurodegenerative disease isAlzheimer's disease, dementia, or Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.
 22. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said random ligands comprise a purely randomfeature and/or a non-random feature.
 23. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid random ligands are not preselected based on known reactivity tosaid ligand binding proteins.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein saidarray comprises between about 1000 and 100,000 distinct random ligands.25. The method of claim 1, wherein said array comprises between about2000 and 50,000 distinct random ligands.
 26. The method of claim 1,wherein said array comprises between about 4000 and 25,000 distinctrandom ligands.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein said array comprisesbetween about 6000 and 15,000 distinct random ligands.
 28. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said array comprises between about 7000 and 12,500distinct random ligands.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein said arraycomprises between about 8000 and 10,000 distinct random ligands.
 30. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said sample is urine, serum, whole blood,cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, saliva, or semen.
 31. The method of claim1, wherein said array is a microscope slide, plate, a chip, or apopulation of beads.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein said sample isfrom a cow, horse, chicken, or human subject.
 33. The method of claim 1,further comprising cross-linking said ligand binding moiety to saidarray.
 34. The method of claim 1, further comprising associating aligand structure with binding to a ligand binding moiety.
 35. The methodof claim 1, further comprising assessing binding of a control ligandbinding moiety to a ligand.
 36. A method of profiling the binding of oneor more isoforms of a ligand binding moiety in a sample comprising: (a)providing an array of ligands having a plurality of random structures;(b) contacting said array with a biological sample comprising one ormore isoforms; and (c) assessing binding of said one or more isoforms tosaid array, wherein binding of said one or more isoforms detects saidone or more isoforms in said sample. 37-65. (canceled)